Which of the following conditions is treated with radical cystectomy?

Radical cystectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the complete removal of the bladder along with surrounding tissues and lymph nodes. This procedure is typically indicated for bladder cancer that is muscular invasive, which refers to conditions classified as stage II and above.

In stage II bladder cancer, the cancer has invaded the muscular layer of the bladder wall but has not spread to nearby organs. As the stage of cancer increases, the aggressiveness and potential for metastasis also increase, warranting more aggressive treatment strategies such as radical cystectomy.

For earlier stages, such as stage 0 or stage I, treatment options generally involve bladder-preserving therapies, such as transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and intravesical therapy, since the cancer is not invasive at that point. Similarly, bladder infections do not require such invasive surgical interventions but are typically managed with antibiotics and other conservative treatments. Thus, radical cystectomy is most appropriate for stage II or greater bladder cancer to reduce the risk of disease progression and improve survival outcomes.