Which nerve is responsible for supplying the anterior compartment of the leg?

The deep peroneal nerve, also known as the deep fibular nerve, is the primary nerve responsible for supplying the anterior compartment of the leg. This compartment contains muscles that are predominantly involved in dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes. Key muscles in this compartment include the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus.

The deep peroneal nerve emerges from the common peroneal nerve as it bifurcates and travels deep to the fibularis longus muscle. It then enters the anterior compartment, where it innervates these muscles. Additionally, it provides sensory innervation to a small area of the skin between the first and second toes, which is significant in clinical assessments of nerve function.

This nerve's role is critical for movements such as lifting the foot while walking, and any injury to the deep peroneal nerve can lead to foot drop, characterized by the inability to dorsiflex the foot. This highlights its essential function in ensuring proper gait and lower limb functionality.