What is the course of the hypoglossal nerve in relation to the external carotid artery?

The hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) plays a crucial role in motor functions of the tongue. Its course in relation to the external carotid artery (ECA) can help in understanding surgical anatomy, especially during procedures in the neck.

The correct answer indicates that the hypoglossal nerve runs anterior to the ECA. As it exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal, the nerve travels a short distance before it descends into the neck. It then crosses the external carotid artery and remains primarily lateral and anterior to it. This anatomical relationship is essential for surgeons to recognize in order to avoid damaging the nerve during surgical interventions in the area, such as carotid endarterectomy or during the management of various neck pathologies.

This anterior positioning allows the hypoglossal nerve to provide motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue, coordinating important functions such as speech and swallowing. Understanding this relationship is vital for safe surgical practice, making the recognition of the course of the hypoglossal nerve relative to the ECA significant in a clinical setting.