What characterizes duct ectasia?

Duct ectasia is primarily characterized by nipple retraction and the presence of a creamy discharge. This condition occurs when a milk duct beneath the nipple dilates, fills with fluid, and potentially becomes blocked, often leading to inflammation. The creamy discharge may arise from inflammatory changes in the duct. Additionally, the pulling of the nipple inward (retraction) is a common physical sign associated with this condition due to scarring or other changes in the duct.

The other options present conditions that can occur in breast-related issues but do not match the typical presentation of duct ectasia. For instance, recurrent infections and pain may suggest other breast conditions like mastitis, while clear discharge without pain is more characteristic of benign processes like a simple breast cyst. Bloody discharge without any signs might indicate more severe concerns that warrant further investigation but is not a hallmark of duct ectasia itself. Understanding these nuances helps clarify how duct ectasia presents and distinguishes it from other breast pathologies.